Retención de cápsula endoscópica en enfermedad de Crohn ¿cómo manejarla? / Retained capsule endoscopy in Crohn´s disease: how to manage it?

Capsule endoscopy is a technique that allows the study of the small intestine, through a device that is swallowed by the patient, capturing images as it travels through the digestive tract. Capsule retention is the most serious complication. We report the case of a 69 year-old male presenting with iron deficiency anemia, with normal upper endoscopy and colonoscopy; but obscure gastrointestinal bleeding was diagnosed and therefore a study with capsule endoscopy was requested. The patient evolves with retained capsule in the small intestine with ulcerated stenosis as shown by imaging. This finding was confirmed by enteroscopy with biopsy, without being able to extract the capsule. Medical management with corticosteroids was indicated for intestinal obstruction secondary to inflammatory stenosis in the context of Crohn's disease: The capsule was expelled after 21 days of ingestion, with a positive outcome

La cápsula endoscópica es una técnica que permite el estudio del intestino delgado, mediante un dispositivo que es deglutido por el paciente y captura imágenes en su recorrido por el tubo digestivo. La complicación más grave es la retención de la cápsula. Se reporta el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino, de 69 años con anemia ferropénica, con endoscopia alta y colonoscopia normal; planteándose sangrado gastrointestinal de origen oscuro por lo que se solicita estudio con cápsula endoscópica. El paciente evoluciona con retención de la cápsula en intestino delgado, visualizándose en las imágenes la presencia de estenosis ulcerada, hallazgo que se confirma mediante enteroscopia con toma de biopsias, sin lograr extraer la cápsula. Se indica manejo médico con corticoides por obstrucción intestinal secundario a estenosis inflamatoria en contexto de enfermedad de Crohn, expulsando espontáneamente la cápsula al día 21 de su ingestión, sin complicaciones.

Opciones terapéuticas actuales en el manejo de la coledocolitiasis asociada a colecistolitiasis / Current therapeutic options in the management of choledocholithiasis associated with cholecyllithiasis

The term Choledocholithiasis refers to the presence of biliary stones in the extrahepatic bile ducts, which are found in 5 to 10% of patients undergoing cholecystectomy for gallstones. Nowadays, with the adoption of the laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC) as a standard, multiple minimally invasive treatment options for bile duct stones are feasible, with no consensus to date on the procedure of choice. The two stage endoscopic techniques involve the use of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) before or after performing a LC, which has the main advantage of separating the bile duct procedure from the LC. However, the need for two separate anesthesia times, the possibility of blank or failed ERCP, and the chance for calculi migration between procedures increase the length of hospital stay and associated costs. The single stage procedures include the Laparoscopic Bile Duct Exploration (LBDE), and more recently, the performance of a laparoscopy guided intraoperative ERCP(Rendez Vous). The LBDE, when performed by an experienced surgical team, is an effective and safe technique. Nonetheless, it is considered a technically demanding procedure, whose results cannot be extrapolated to the general surgical community. Recently, the Rendez Vous has become a treatment alternative that simplifies both the surgical and the endoscopic procedures, decreases morbidity, and requires a single anesthesia time. On the downside, Rendez Vous technique involves complex operating room (OR) logistics, requiring both a trained surgical and endoscopic team at the same time. (AU)

Extracción endoscópica de cálculos pancreáticos en pancreatitis crónica para evitar reagudizaciones / Endoscopic extraction of pancreatic stones in chronic pancreatitis with the aim to prevent acute flares

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is defined by chronic inflammation of the pancreas with progressive replacement by fibrosis that produces characteristic morphological changes. The clinical picture is variable, being the main problem the pain and relapses of pancreatitis with possible local complications. Over time, the result is the development of exocrine and endocrine failure. In the initial phase, flare-ups of CP can not be distinguished from recurrent acute pancreatitis (RAP). If there are intraductal stones in the duct of Wirsung, endoscopic extraction of obstructive stones may be the first step to prevent new relapses and complications. We present the case of a patient with five episodes of acute pancreatitis (AP), three of them in the past five months. The patient was referred for study and management of RAP. His recent imaging study already showed dilatation of the main pancreatic duct, calcifications and pancreatic stones, compatible with CP. Although the hypertriglyceridemia participated in the etiology of AP, the last two episodes already occurred with normal values of triglycerides. Another possible etiologic factor was not found. His laboratory results did not show endocrine or exocrine insufficiency. The patient was treated with papillotomy, pancreatic stone extraction and installation of terapeutic pancreatic stent. He has been asymptomatic, free from new episodes of AP in the past six months. In conclusion, the CP is one of the possible causes of RAP. Endoscopic treatment by obstructive stone extraction is an efficient therapy to avoid new relapse.

La pancreatitis crónica (PC) se define por la inflamación crónica del páncreas con reemplazo progresivo por fibrosis que produce cambios morfológicos característicos. El cuadro clínico es variable, siendo el principal problema el dolor, reagudizaciones de pancreatitis con eventuales complicaciones locales. Con el tiempo, el resultado final es el desarrollo de insuficiencia exocrina y endocrina. En la fase inicial, no se puede distinguir las reagudizaciones de la PC de una pancreatitis aguda recurrente (PAR). Si se encuentran cálculos intraductales en el conducto de Wirsung, la extracción endoscópica de cálculos obstructivos puede ser el primer paso para prevenir nuevas recaídas y complicaciones. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con cinco episodios de pancreatitis aguda (PA), tres de ellos en los últimos cinco meses. El paciente fue derivado para estudio y manejo de PAR. Su estudio imagenológico reciente ya demostró dilatación del conducto pancreático principal, calcificaciones y cálculos pancreáticos, compatible con PC. Aunque la hipertrigliceridemia participó en la etiología de las PA, los últimos dos episodios ocurrieron con valores normales de triglicéridos. No se encontró otro factor etiológico posible. Su estudio de laboratorio no mostró insuficiencia exocrina ni endocrina. El paciente fue tratado mediante papilotomía, extracción de cálculos pancreáticos e instalación de prótesis pancreática terapéutica. Ha estado asintomático, libre de nuevos episodios de PA en los seis meses transcurridos. En conclusión, la PC es una de las posibles causas de PAR. El tratamiento endoscópico mediante extracción de cálculos obstructivos es una terapia eficiente para evitar nuevas recaídas.

Hemorragia digestiva alta secundaria a necrosis esofágica aguda / Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage secondary to acute esophageal necrosis

Acute esophageal necrosis is a rare entity characterized by the presence of necrosis in the distal esophagus that ends abruptly at the gastroesophageal junction. Its etiology is ischemic and occurs mainly in patients with comorbidities, with a mortality approaching 30 percent. We describe the case of a 78 year-old female with history of hypertension, diabetes, cholangiocarcinoma and recent venous thrombosis in both legs, in anticoagulant treatment, presenting with an episode of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. At endoscopy esophageal necrosis was observed from 25 cm until gastroesophageal junction, also hiatal hernia, erosive duodenitis and duodenal ulcer. Patient had a poor outcome and died 48 h after onset.

La necrosis esofágica aguda es una entidad poco frecuente, caracterizada por la presencia de necrosis en el tercio distal del esófago que termina abruptamente a nivel de la unión gastroesofágica. Su etiología es principalmente isquémica y se presenta en pacientes con comorbilidades, con una mortalidad cercana a 30 por ciento. Se describe el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino de 78 años, con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial, diabetes, colangiocarcinoma y trombosis venosa profunda reciente de extremidades inferiores, en tratamiento anticoagulante, que presenta episodio de hemorragia digestiva alta. En la endoscopia se observa necrosis esofágica desde los 25 cm de la arcada dentaria hasta la unión gastroesofágica, hernia hiatal, duodenitis erosiva y úlcera duodenal. La paciente evoluciona en malas condiciones generales, falleciendo a las 48 h de evolución.

Actualización en sobrecrecimiento bacteriano intestinal y dificultades en su diagnóstico / Update in intestinal bacterial overgrowth and difficulties in their diagnosis

This is a short review related with the current concepts and controversies in the diagnosis of intestinal bacterial overgrowth. This is a relatively complex entity present in diverse pathologies. Its adequate diagnosis has impact in the therapy and management of the patients with this condition. (AU)

Bloqueo auriculoventricular completo fetal / Fetal complete atrioventricular block

Presentamos un caso de bloqueo A-V completo fetal, menejado en forma expectante en una embarazada con títulos positivos a anticuerpos anti SSA/Ro. La madre no presentaba evidencias de enfermedades autoinmune como Síndrome de Sjogren ni Lupus eritematoso sistémico. El recién nacido requirió instalación de marcapasos